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Musical
Characteristics
- Simultaneous development of musical extremes
- Basso continuo is not used
- Expansion of texture and increasing chromaticism
- Further development in performers virtuosity
- Two camps of compositional style
- Gradual alteration of patent musical forms
- More complex harmonies, but same principles as in Classical style
- More subjective/emotional than Classical style
- Homophonic style still favored to a considerable degree
- Polythematic composition continues
- Dominated by a lyric melody
- Wide, angular leaps become more common than before
- Known as the age of sentimentality
- Melodic ornamentation of specific pitches decreases and appears in
the larger context of florid melodic lines, sometimes including
cadenza-like passages notated in smaller grace notes
- Increased use of unprepared dissonances
- Sequence use is still common (tendency toward modulating or
chromatic sequences)
- "Functional" harmony continues but becomes richer, more
complex, dissonant and chromatic ("coloristic" chords)
- Tonal progressions by thirds became common
- Wide usage of extended tertian chords
- Harmonic color assumes a greater importance
- Much emphasis on tempo rubato (used more often by solo performers
than by ensembles)
- Tempos within a composition are typically more radically varied
than in previous style periods
- Orchestras are expanded in all choirs
- Increased use of dynamic contrast within the phrase rather than
between (more use of crescendo and decrescendo)
- Greater emphasis on text
- No more patronage system
- Included both nationalistic and individualistic musical styles
- The slave trade in the mid-19th century introduced West African
rhythms, work songs, chants and spirituals to America, which
strongly influenced blues and jazz
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Principal Influences on Romantic Music
- Music of Beethoven
- Literature which dealt with the individual and nature and its
grandeur
- Extreme emotions (especially of an altruistic or diabolical type)
- The visual arts (particularly the early French Romantic composers
and the Spanish painter Goya with emphasis on Chiaroscuro
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Romantic Church Music
- Return to subjectivity
- Rediscovered the music of Bach
- Influence of St. Cecilia's Society
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Modern Orchestras/Opera Companies/Performance Halls
- 1839 - The New York Philharmonic is established
- 1881 - Boston Symphony Orchestra is established
- 1882 - The Berlin Philharmonic is established
- 1883 - The Metropolitan Opera House is established
- 1891 - Carnegie Hall opens in New York
- 1904 - The London Symphony Orchestra is established
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Genre and Forms
- Service
- Plain-chant Musical
- Anthem
- Prelude
- Fugue
- Symphony
- Modern Concerto
- Sonata Form
- Song Cycle
- Chamber Music
- Variation
- Symphonic (or tone) poem
- Oratorio
- Lied
- Romantic Sonata
- Mass
- Art Songs
- Etudes and Character Pieces
- Opera
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Theorists, Treatises and Collections
- E.T.A.
Hoffman (1776-1822)
- François
Fetis (1748-1871) Biographie universelle (8 volumes,
1833-1844)
- Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) Traite d'
instrumentation et orchestration modernes (1844)
- Walter
Coussemaker (1805-1876) Scriptorium de musica medii
(1864-1876)
- Robert Schumann (1810-1856) Neue
Zeitschrift für Musick (Magazine)
- Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Oper und Drama
(1851)
- August
Wilhelm Ambros (1816-1876) Geschichte der Musik (1862)
- Sir George Grove (1820-1900) Dictionary of Music and Musicians
(4 volumes, 1879-1889)
- Herman
von Helmholz (1821-1894) Lebre von den Tonempfindungen
(1863)
-
Eduard
Hanslick (1825-1904) Vom Musikalischen Schönen (1854)
- Karl
Franz Chrysander (1826-1901) Denkmäler der Tonkunst (5
volumes, 1869-1871) founded the Deutsche Handelgesellschaft (German
Handel Society)
- Hugo Riemann (1849-1919) Musiklexikon (1882)
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Composers and Major Works
- Ludwig
van Beethoven (1770-1827)
- 9 Symphonies
- 32 piano sonatas
- 21 sets of variations for piano
- Pathétique Piano Sonata (1798)
- Piano Concerto No. 5 Emperor (1809)
- Christ on the Mount of Olives (1803) oratorio
- Fidelio (1804-1805) opera
- Symphony No. 3, "Eröica" (1805) transition into
romanticism
- Symphony No. 5 (1807) returns to a more classical style
- Symphony No. 6, "Pastoral" (1808) programmatic work
- Diabelli Variations (1819; 1823) 33 variations
- Symphony No. 9, "Choral" (1824)
- Missa solemnis in D (1824)
- Niccolo
Paganini (1782-1840)
- Carl
Maria von Weber (1786-1826) Der Freischutz (1821) opera
- Giacomo
Meyerbeer (1791-1864) Les Huguenots (1836) opera
- Gioacchino
Rossini (1792-1868)
- Il Barbiere di Siviglia (1816) opera
- Otello (1816) opera
- William Tell (1828-1829) opera
-
Franz
Schubert (1797-1828)
- "Der Erlkönig" (1815)
- Winterreise (1828) song cycle
- Moments Musicaux - character pieces
- Symphony No. 8, Unfinished (1822)
-
Gaetano
Donizetti (1797-1848) Anna Bolena (1830) opera
- Vincenzo
Bellini (1801-1835) Norma (1831) opera
-
Hector
Berlioz (1803-1869)
- L'Enfance du Christ (1854) oratorio
- La Damnation de Faust (1846) oratorio
- Grand messe des morts (1837) requiem
- Symphonie Fantastique (1830) uses idee fixe
- Mikhail
Glinka (1804-1857)
- A Life for the Tsar (1836) opera
- Ruslan and Ludmila (1842) opera
- Felix
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809-1847)
- A Midsummer Night's Dream (1826) overture
- Elijah (1846) oratorio
- Violin Concerto in E minor (1846)
- Lieder ohné Worte (8 books, 1829-1830)
- Otto
Nicolai (1810-1849)
- Robert
Schumann (1810-1856)
- Kinderscenen (1838) piano
- Dichterliebe (1840) song cycle
- Piano Concerto in A minor (1840)
- Frédéric
Chopin (1810-1849) Piano Concertos Nos. 1 and 2 (1830)
- Franz
Liszt (1811-1886)
- Les préludes (1848)
- Todentanz (1849) etude
- Episode from Lanau's Faust (1860-1861) character piece
- Orpheus (1854) symphonic poem
- Christus (1873) oratorio
-
Richard
Wagner (1813-1883)
- Tannhäuser (1845)
- Lohengrin (1850) opera
- Tristan und Isolde (1865) music drama
- Der Ring des Nibelunger (1854-1876)
- Alexander Dargomitzhsky (1813-1869) Rusalka (1937) folk
opera
- Giuseppe
Verdi (1813-1901)
- Aïda (1871) opera
- Requiem (1874)
- Otello (1887) opera
- Rigoletto (1851) opera
- Charles
Gounod (1818-1893)
- Faust (1859) lyric opera
- La Rédemption (1882)
- St. Cecilia Mass
- Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880)
- César
Franck (1822-1890) Le Béatitudes (1879)
-
Anton
Bruckner (1824-1896)
- Bedrich
Smetana (1824-1884) Má Vlast (1874) symphonic poem
- Johann Strauss Jr. (1825-1899) The Blue
Danube (1867)
- Alexander
Borodin (1833-1887)
- In the Steppes of Central Asia (1880) tone poem
- Prince Igor (1869) opera
-
Johannes
Brahms (1833-1897)
- Symphony No. 1 (1876) took him 20 years to complete
- Ein deutsches Requiem (1868)
- Variations on a Theme by Paganini (1862-1863) for piano
- Symphony No. 3 (1883)
- Charles
Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921)
- Christmas Oratorio (1858)
- Danse macabre (1875) tone poem
- Samson et Dalila (1877) lyric opera
- César
Cui (1835-1918) Little Red Ridinghood - children's opera
- Theodore Dubois (1837-1934) Seven Last Words of Christ
(1867)
- Mily
Balakirev (1837-1910) Islamey: Fantasie Orientale (1869)
piano fantasy
- Georges
Bizet (1838-1875) Carmen (1875) opera
- John
Knowles Paine (1839-1906)
- Mass in D (1867)
- In Spring (1880) first American symphony published in the
United States
- Modest
Mussorgsky (1839-1881)
- Night on Bald Mountain (1866) tone poem
- Pictures at an Exhibition (1874) for piano
- Songs and Dances of Death (1875) song cycle
-
Piotr
Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)
- Swan Lake (1876) ballet
- Overture Solemnelle: 1812 (1880)
- Sleeping Beauty (1890) ballet
- Nutcracker (1892) ballet
-
Antonín
Dvořák (1841-1904)
- Requiem (1890)
- Symphony No. 9, From the New World (1893)
- Rusalka (1900) opera
- Emmanuel
Chabrier (1841-1894)
- España (1833) rhapsody for piano
- Marche française (1888)
-
Arthur
Sullivan (1842-1900)
- The Pirates of Penzance (opera)
- H.M.S. Pinafore (opera)
- The Mikado (1885) opera
- Edvard
Grieg (1843-1907) Peer Gynt Suites (1876)
-
Charles
Widor (1844-1937)
- Nicolai
Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908)
- Capriccio Espagnol (1887) extended tone poem
- Scheherazade (1888) symphonic suite
- Tsar Sultan Suite (1903)
- Gabriel
Fauré (1845-1924)
- Requiem (1887)
- Pelléas et Mélisande (1898)
- Charles
Hubert Parry (1848-1918) Judith (1888) oratorio
- Vincent
d'Indy (1851-1931) Symphony on a French Mountain Air
(1887) orchestra and piano
- Charles
Villiers Stanford (1852-1924)
- John Philip
Sousa (1854-1932)
- El Capitan (186) operetta
- "The Stars and Stripes Forever"
- "The Washington Post"
- Leos Janácek (1854-1928) Jenufa
(1904)
- Edward Elgar
(1857-1934)
- "Enigma" Variations (1896)
- The Dream of Gerontius (1900) oratorio
- Giacomo
Puccini (1858-1924)
- La Bohème (1896)
- Madama Butterfly (1907)
- Isaac
Albéniz (1860-1909) Iberia (4 volumes, 1906-1909)
keyboard
- Hugo
Wolf (1860-1903) Italienisches Liederbuch (1891)
- Gustav
Mahler (1860-1911)
- "Des Knaben Wunderhorn" (1892-1901) song cycle
- "Kindertotenlieder" (1901-1904) song cycle
- The Song of the Earth (1908)
- Symphony No. 4 (1901)
- Symphony No. 9 (1910)
- Edward
MacDowell (1861-1908)
- Claude
Debussy (1862-1918)
- Pelléas et Mélisande (1892-1902) opera using
impressionistic techniques
- Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (1894) tone poem
- La Mer (1905)
- Richard
Strauss (1864-1949)
- Don Juan (1888) symphonic poem
- Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (1895)
- Also Sprach Zarathustra (1896) tone poem
- Salome (1905)
- Der Rosenkavalier (1911)
- Carl Nielsen (1865-1931)
- Paul
Dukas (1865-1935) Sorcerer's Apprentice (1897)
-
Jean
Sibelius (1865-1957)
- Finlandia (1900)
- Violin Concerto in D Minor (1903)
- Belshazzar's Feast (1906) incidental
and suite
- Erik Satie (1866-1925) Gymnopédies
(1888)
- Enrique
Granados (1867-1916) Goyescus (2 volumes, 1911-1916)
piano suite and opera
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Hymnology
- Thomas Hasting (1784-1872)
- Franz
Gruber (1787-1863) STILLE NACHT
- Lowell
Mason (1792-1863)
- Juvenile Psalmist (1892)
- OLIVET
- MISSIONARY HYMN
- arranged
-
Joseph
Mohr (1792-1849) "Silent Night, Holy Night" (1818)
- Benjamin F. White (1800-1879)
- William Walker (1809-1875)
- Southern Harmony (1835)
- Christian Harmony (1866)
- William
Bradbury (1816-1868)
- John
Mason Neale (1818-1915)
- Fanny Crosby
(1820-1915)
- "All the Way My Savior Leads Me"
- "To God Be the Glory"
- 1827 - Episcopal Collection (American)
- 1827 - Christian Year (John Keble)
- 1832 - Methodist Collection (American)
- Caroline
Vilhelmina Berg (1832-1903) "Day by Day"
- 1836 - Collection of Sacred Hymns (Smith, Mormon)
- Dwight
L. Moody (1837-1899)
- Philip
Bliss (1838-1876)
- Gospel Songs (1874)
- "Sing Them Over Again to Me"
- Ira
Sankey (1840-1908)
- Sacred Songs and Solos (1873)
- Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs (1875)
- 1844 - Sacred Harp (White and King)
- 1846 - A Book of Hymns (Johnson and Longfellow, Unitarian)
- 1847 - The Baptist Hymnal (Buck, American)
- 1849 - Seventh-day Adventist Collection (White, America)
- 1849 - Lyra Catholica (Edward Caswell)
- Carl Boberg (1850-1940) "How Great Thou Art"
- 1855 - Plymouth Collection (Beecher, American
Congregationalist)
- 1855 - Lyra Germanica (Catherine Winkworth)
- 1866 - Our Own Hymnbook (Spurgeo, English Baptist)
- 1868 - Hymns Ancient and Modern
- 1868 - Church Book (American Evangelical Lutherans)
- 1872 - The Hymnary (Sullivan, Victorian)
- 1872 - European Psalmist (Samuel S. Wesley, Victorian)
- 1890 - Moody Bible Institute opens in Chicago
- 1892 - Dictionary of Hymnology (John Julian)
- 1898 - The Church Hymnary (Stainer, Victorian)
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Last Updated:
Saturday, February 14, 2009 |
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